With endoscopic guidance, an angled curette was used to debride and remove inspissated material from the socket in piecemeal fashion (Figure 3). Taenia serialis causing exophthamos in a pet rabbit. Rabbit Abscesses. Stomatoscopy revealed a caseous plug at the site of the left maxillary second molar extraction; the site was debrided with an angled curette. In Pract 1997;19:407421. If you're going to write an article, you're going to use the pic that's the most obvious and disgusting so that it is very clear what the rabbit's problem was and to encourage people to get their animals treated sooner rather than later. }. X-rays will not only show abnormalities behind the eye, but will also give the opportunity to confirm or rule out dental disease. Hey evereyone I'm new here! The rabbit was positioned in sternal recumbency on a towel over a warming blanket.i The rabbit's head was placed over the dentistry board with the mouth elevated and held open with a dental head support.j Anesthesia was monitored with a capnographk and indirect blood pressure determination.l The pharynx was packed with moistened gauze. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. A second swab was used to obtain smears for Gram staining and cytologic analysis. In addition, some lumps are not abscesses at all but rather tumors or cysts and may need immediate removal. 5197-100 SITElite handle and clarus SITEcoupler model 30100 (pediatric) eyepiece, Clarus Medical LLC, Minneapolis, Minn. T/pump system of TP22 pad and TP500 pump, Gaymar Industries Inc, Orchard Park, NY. Usually an abscess is the result of a bacterial infection. How to manage the geriatric rabbit, in Proceedings. It was much harder on me than it was her. Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits. CAB Direct Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002;292306. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. In:Lemox AM, ed.Rabbit and rodent dentistry handbook. Above all, antibiotic-containing implants, which are introduced into the abscess cavity, show a high success rate. Harcourt-Brown FM. She's a bit more cautious now but bounced back in almost no time. Like most websites we use cookies. Clinical signs may include decreased appetite, chewing or swallowing difficulties, ptyalism, palpable facial or mandibular swellings secondary to periapical pathologic changes or soft tissue infection and abscess formation, exophthalmia, ocular or nasal discharge, abnormal rabbit anisognathous occlusion, and unkempt body fur.17 Diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography are useful for localizing dental and associated soft tissue lesions before undertaking surgical correction.11,24, Although a cursory examination with an otoscope or illuminated nasal speculum can be conducted in anesthetized rabbits, endoscopic examination is superior for providing a focused light source and magnification.4,20,25 Radiography has limitations in assessment of dental disease20; however, it is indicated as a primary diagnostic tool.17,20 Although its use has not been well documented in the investigation of dental disease in rabbits, computed tomography may also be useful in selected instances of refractory dental disease.24, Endoscopy has been advocated for evaluation of the oral cavity in lagomorphs and rodents.4,26,27 To the authors' knowledge, the use of rigid endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of a retrobulbar abscess has only been previously reported in association with an extraoral approach.28. INTRODUCTION. Severe molar root intrusion can also be the cause of retrobulbar abscesses (i.e., abscesses located behind the eye . We already knew she had a little spur since her vaccination last Februari but decided to leave it as long as it . J Am Vet Med Assoc. Pain - on opening the mouth, commonly associated with an abscess; Discharge - watery to mucky due to inflammation; Third eyelid elevated - caused by pressure from behind the eye; Causes. Whatever the treatment choice, it is imperative to follow through with your veterinarians requested recheck appointments and diagnostic testing to improve the chances for abscess resolution. Skin and subcutaneous abscesses are frequently observed in rabbits. These can occur almost anywhere in a rabbit's body, and while the center of an abscess . Either way, the coagulopathy was discovered and the dog responded nicely to treatment, which is . Treatment and OutcomeStomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Surgery will be required to go behind the eye, drain the pus and prevent any further damage. Physical and ophthalmic examinations 6 months after the surgery yielded no remarkable findings, and the rabbit weighed 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and had a body condition score of 3/5. Awwww. Clinical findings: The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. The accumulated fluid in the tear duct is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and an abscess can form easily. Betty is recovering well, I think it was harder on me than her. Endoscopic examination was performed with a 5-mm, 0 otoendoscope and a 2.7-mm, 30 Hopkins telescope attached to a xenon light source via a fiber-optic cable and a camera providing video feed to a monitor.4,m Digital video and still images were captured with a documentation system. and transmitted securely. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits cause exophthalmos withdrying keratitis, as well as periorbital inflammation. Before one can understand how a rabbit uses his teeth, one must first understand some basics of the dental anatomy of a rabbit. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;221229. The rabbit was reevaluated 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. L=Left. background: #EBF6F7; Prior to referral, the rabbit had undergone surgery for an abscess involving the left maxillary area of the face and had been treated with several antimicrobials, including enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and cephalexin (dosages unknown). My little bad rabbit had her right eye removed about two weeks ago. Intra-abdominal granulomas caused by Clostridium tertium in an American Fuzzy Lop rabbit/Granulomas intra-abdominais causados por Clostridium tertium em um coelho . Initial diagnostic tests included hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses, measurement of the serum Pasteurella multocida antibody titer,a cranial and thoracic radiography, ophthalmologic examination, and ultrasonographic examination of the globe and retrobulbar space in both eyes. Bartholin's Glands Abdomen Retroperitoneal . A reticulocyte index was not performed in conjunction with the initial blood analyses; however, a sign of RBC regeneration (ie, polychromasia) was detected. Surgical treatment of rabbit retrobulbar abscesses by enucleation and abscess drainage procedure. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. That was last Thursday. Generalized muscle atrophy and bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge with severe exophthalmia of the left globe were observed. Have all lumps investigated as soon as possible by your veterinarian. Available at: www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm. J Vet Dent 1991;8:1117. This was very abnormal for her as she is a ravenous beast that will eat anything in her path. When the picture was taken, pressure was applied to the globe, which pushed pus out of the abscess into the mouth alongside the infected tooth. Before Bookshelf Stomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Crossley DA. Location depends upon the affected dental structures, and in rabbits most commonly involves mandibular CT1-3. With almost 15 million records to move to their new home, we expect this to take a couple of months to complete. bImage of the eye and retrobulbar area 4 weeks after surgery. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND display: flex; Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits. Jan 22, 2013. Orbit and globe. Martin CL. Table 1. Fifteen minutes before anesthetic induction via a face mask, the rabbit was premedicated with midazolam (0.5 mg/ kg [0.23 mg/lb], IM), hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IM), and glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg [0.005 mg/lb], IM). These wounds must be left open to be flushed at least twice a day for several weeks. Causes of exophthalmia include orbital or retroorbital abscess, cellulitis, neoplasia, hematoma, orbital cyst (including Taenia serialis cyst), retrobulbar fat prolapse, salivary mucocele, myositis, lacrimal gland disease, foreign body, granuloma, and trauma.7-10 Exophthalmia must be distinguished from buphthalmia secondary to congenital glaucoma or other diseases such as uveitis, trauma, tumors, or Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection.11,12 Retrobulbar disease is the most common cause of exophthalmia in rabbits.7,12 Retrobulbar abscesses may be the result of endodontic infection, penetrating foreign bodies, local injury, or spread of infection from the bloodstream.13, Understanding rabbit dental anatomy and physiology is essential to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of conditions involving the oral cavity. It will often be necessary to perform diagnostic tests to investigate the cause of the abscess and to determine if other disease is present. I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. 2007; 230(6):868-72 . J Am Vet Med Assoc. Receive latest Vetlexicon news and updates by signing up to our mailing list. retrobulbar abscess; -Otitis media or interna - caused by bacteria or yeast entering the middle or http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted At the time of initial examination at the teaching hospital, the rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and was in poor body condition (body condition score, 1.5/5). Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2002;5:341356. Common presentations include the following: . Abstract. Accessed Dec 6, 2007. Antimicrobial-impregnated beads were not used in the rabbit of this report because of the open tract leading to the oral cavity. Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. Over the weekend, she got much worse, so I called again and we decided to do surgery. Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Duangurai T, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Bumrungpun C, Kaewmongkol G, Areevijittrakul L, Sirinarumitr T, Fenwick SG, Kaewmongkol S. Vet World. https://www.cabi.org/join-our-research-panel/. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. . Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1997;227239. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Endoscopic examination yielded visual confirmation of a cavity, and maxillary and dental elements were visible through the gingival defect. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. Br Small Anim Vet Assoc Sci Annu Meet 2003;511512. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. An abscess is a localized swelling in the tissues caused by an accumulation of pus, which is composed mostly of dead white blood cells and the bacteria those noble cells have killed. Medial is on the right side of the image, and lateral is to the left. Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 6; 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. The rabbit National Library of Medicine Can Vet J 2002;43:385390. After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. Exophthalmos is the most prevalent clinical sign associated with orbital disease. Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 3-mm round long burr, Surgical Innovations Inc, Suwanee, Ga. Consil, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, Md. Notice that the material caudomedial to the curvilinear line is less echogenic than the wall and that the structure displaces the globe rostrolaterally. The rabbit was hospitalized for supportive care overnight and was scheduled for elective surgery for tooth removal and abscess debridement the following day. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It depends on the underlying cause. He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. Treatment of retrobulbar abscesses is an extremely difficult procedure and, unfortunately the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses may recur. Regarding her diet, she hasn't had pellets in 5 years, she eats a variety of Oxbow hay free choice and limited veggies. In rabbits, unilateral exophthalmos may be caused by: Retrobulbar abscess : Pasteurella has frequently been implicated as the cause of these abscesses, although culture is rarely performed. The content drained down her throat and the resulting swelling was suffocating her. However, this test is limited to the evaluation of the eye and the retrobulbar space. Due to the close apposition of the globe to the posterior dental molar roots , dental disease and root infection can lead to severe exophthalmos. Clinical RelevanceStomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease. Anatomy 6. (You can unsubscribe anytime). cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. Would you like email updates of new search results? Dorsoventral view of the skull of a rabbit with a retrobulbar abscess. Durham, NC, USA. Ultrasonography (scan) of the eye can be performed when the animal is conscious or under light sedation depending on the nature of the animal. 8600 Rockville Pike 000-000-000 . Harcourt-Brown FM. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Dental abscesses in rabbits are unusual in that they seldom produce hyperthermia, can become very large without producing apparent discomfort, and tend to encapsulate and progressively destroy surrounding bone. Worsening splay leg of the thoracic limbs resulted in decreased mobility. padding: 0; Ideally, all of the wall of all abscesses should be cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to determine the best choice for antibiotic therapy with or without surgery. This is exophthalmos caused by a retrobulbar space occupying mass. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. It is also posssible to aspirate material from the abscess and test it for bacteria in order to make a diagnosis of infection rather than tumour, and also to choose the best antibiotics as treatment. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. width: 100%; Okayhere's the update. Radiography of the cranium and ophthalmic ultrasonography helped to assess the extent and progression of the process. Gillet CS. Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1994;24:2565. Dental abscess 02: overgrown incisors. Retrobulbar abscess is commonly associated with acquired dental disease - higher incidence in rabbits older than 2 years. Welch WD, Lu Y-S, Bawdon RE. This causes a pocket of infection to form, characterised by an accumulation of pus. Your vet will help you to choose options to have your rabbit put to sleep at the . The mouth generally due to an infection or dental disease. 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. . You must log in or register to reply here. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. She will remin on the antibiotics for some time and we will keep a close watch for future abscesses. R= Right. The long-term use of topical and systemic antibiotic preparations and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is discussed. 2019, BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019. The rabbit was discharged from the hospital with instructions to the owners to administer a triple antimicrobial ophthalmic ointment (containing bacitracin, neomycin, and polymixin B sulfate and administered topically, every 8 hours, for 10 days), penicillin G (60,000 U/kg [27,300 U/lb], SC, q 48 h, for 21 days),5,6 and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h, for 10 days). Tear ducts usually secondary to dental disease. Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the rabbit's head on day 16 after surgery to remove the left maxillary second molar. In particular, successful treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in two rabbits by the "Septopal Mini-chain" is described.