exceeds $100,000.". Deputy Of The Orient SGIG Primus T. James 33, Active A Message From The Deputy of the Orient SGIG Primus T. James, 33, Active If you reside in an EU member state besides UK, import VAT on this purchase is not recoverable. Following these factual recitations, Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint alleges the following 10 counts against Defendants: (1) Unfair Competition; (2) Conspiracy to Commit Unfair Competition; (3) Fraud; (4) Conspiracy to Commit Fraud; (5) Tortious Interference with Contract; (6) Conspiracy to Commit Tortious Interference with Contract; (7) Conversion -Banking Accounts/Securities Held by Federally Chartered Financial Institution; (8) Conversion -Other Personalty; (9) Copyright Infringement; and (10) Trademark Infringement. Loyal Ladies Supporting Since 1907 The Order of the Golden Circle is the women's auxiliary of the United Supreme Council, 33, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Prince Hall Affiliation, Southern Jurisdiction, USA, Inc. Click here to review the details. Despite this language, however, the Independent Elks cases did not address the legal issue of fraud. GRAND UNITED SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE SOVEREIGN INSPECTOR GENERAL ANCIENT AND ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE MASONS, AND THIRTY THIRD AND LAST DEGREE OF FREE MASONRY, FOR THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN JURISDICTION OF THE GRAND ORIENT, AND WORLD, DISTRICT U.S.A. is a California Non-Profit Corporation - Ca - Mutual Benefit filed on June 29, 1976. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. The excerpt they quote reads: "to adopt the name of the original order or to hold themselves out as a branch of that order . These allegations do not establish a legal ownership interest in the bank accounts. Compl. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. in accordance with the USC-SJ Constitution." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Seville, and Charles W. Newton. Sellers declare the item's customs value and must comply with customs declaration laws. The Motion is hereby GRANTED in all other respects. Upon consideration of the parties' briefing, and for good cause shown, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for relief with regard to Count III (Fraud), Count IV (Conspiracy to Commit Fraud), and Counts VII and VIII (Conversion of Bank Accounts and Personalty). In Virginia, fraud requires: (1) a false representation, (2) of a material fact, (3) made intentionally and knowingly, (4) with intent to mislead, (5) reliance by the party misled, and (6) resulting damage to the party misled. The Amended Complaint essentially alleges six acts that support its claims for relief. This claim is devoid of facts. Access the Case Summary and Docket Report to access additional information about this case on the US Court's PACER system. 1847 from byron amerson on Vimeo. King Solomon Consistory No. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. The first three degrees are: "'Entered Apprentice,' or the 'First Degree'; 'Fellow Craft' or 'Second Degree'; and 'Master Mason,' or 'Third Degree' of masonry." The motion to dismiss will be DENIED with respect to the remaining claims. As a result of the conference of the Sovereign Grand Commanders of the two Supreme Councils, Northern and Southern Jurisdictions A.A.S.R., P.H.A., on August 2, 1966, were established at the Cathedral, Fitzwater & Mole St. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs United Supreme Council, 33 Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Prince Hall Affiliation, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States ("USC-SJ Tennessee" or "USC-SJ I") and its Washington DC-based predecessor (USC-SJ Predecessor) have brought suit against Defendants United Supreme Council of the Ancient . The meeting was "conducted under Plaintiffs' Constitution and utilize[ed] Plaintiffs' Trademarks and other assets." (Thirty-Three) of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (Prince Hall Affiliation) Southern Jurisdiction U.S., Grand Orient at Washington, District Of Columbia, Appellant . . Company (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to United Supreme Council, 2065 Nonconnah Blvd. Under the terms of Plaintiffs' Constitution, "all papers, rituals, monies, rules regulations [sic], assets, and other real or personal property must be returned to Plaintiffs" upon the dissolution of any subordinate body. Box 16787 3385 Airways Blvd. To survive a motion to dismiss, the Plaintiff must allege enough allegations of fact "to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face." . Id. Therefore, upon consideration of the motions, and finding good cause to do so, the Court hereby DENIES the motions to dismiss as they concern these counts. Moreover, Plaintiffs have not alleged that any of the Defendants actually took control of these accounts. . This letter granted fraternal recognition of Plaintiff USC-SJ II. may be available from PACER. In particular, on November 6, Parris met with Brown and non-party Larry D. Christian, who was "an influential former CEO/Grand Master of the Grand Lodge." View cart for details. ALL ARE INVITED TO ATTEND THIS VERY SPECIAL WEEKEND IN HOUSTON, TEXAS. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program, 1932 ORIGINAL VINTAGE MAP OF SOUTHERN BAVARIA BAYERN MUNICH / GERMANY. For example, shortly after the coup, Defendant Parris (who was then Plaintiffs' Deputy of the Orient of Virginia) "defected to and joined Defendants" in their new order. You can read the details below. Compl. Conspiracies require some overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy, but "there can be no conspiracy to do an act which the law allows." The Aftermath(United Supreme Council) John G. Jones continued to operate his self-created United Supreme Council after his Permanent Suspension Chose the name of The United Supreme Council Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern and Western Masonic Jurisdiction of the U.S.A. and Canada Revived the old name of the USC . This Council arose . As far as the Amended Complaint is concerned, these entities are independent organizations with independent bank accounts. 86936462, filed on March 10, 2016, and titled "Order of the Golden Circles." This docket was last retrieved on October 17, 2019. Am. The defendants had been members of the United Supreme Council, 33 Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Prince Hall Affiliation, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States of American, also known as USC-SJ I. In considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. (Andrew) McClain 33. Masonic inquirer and thought about what Masonry is and how to become one. A Freemason splinter group that adopted a name similar to the council it left isn't liable for holding itself out as an extension of that council because no one was shown to have been defrauded, the Fourth Circuit said Oct. 30 in an unpublished ruling. Category: Scottish Rite Collection. Welcomes you to The Original & Official Website of The G.G.M.C. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 758920, (Mar. He still stands today as perhaps the single most influential Masonic scholar in Western history. 2014). The United Supreme Council 33 AASR Southern Jurisdiction-PHA. Plaintiff claims that its "current territorial jurisdictions include the following states and territories: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, England, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Korea, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, West Virginia, Western Europe, Republic of Liberia, Hawaiian Islands, the Philippine Islands, and 'such other areas as USC-SJ Tennessee may ordain." Signed by Greener, John G. Jones, D.F. "Every thing that gliders ant gold" We must be able to see a wolf in sheeps clothing. Indeed, the Court may not rely on mere "labels and conclusions" or the Complaint's "formulaic recitation of the elements of a given cause of action. Id. At that meeting, Defendants Slaughter and Williams, along with non-party Alvin Wilkins, Sr., attempted to gain control of USC-SJ Tennessee by voting to replace the existing "Sovereign Grand Commander Deary Vaughn." Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. The mission of the United Supreme Council, 33 of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Prince Hall Affiliation, Southern Jurisdiction of the USA is to serve as the College of Freemasonry for aspiring Master Masons seeking more light in the Scottish Rite; thereby, enhancing the knowledge base, providing the moral teachings of the The United Supreme Council Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern and Western Masonic Jurisdiction of the U.S.A. and Canada as organized on April 5, 1869, in the city of Washington, D.C., by many high degree Masons from Washington , D.C. to regulate Scottish Rite Masonry from the fourth to the thirty-third degrees. Ste 201 Memphis, Tennessee 38186 Memphis, Tennessee 38116 Deary Vaughn, 33 Marvin D. Chambers, 33 Sovereign Grand Commander Grand Secretary General, H.E. A Freemason splinter group that adopted a name similar to the council it left isnt liable for holding itself out as an extension of that council because no one was shown to have been defrauded, the Fourth Circuit said Oct. 30 in an unpublished ruling. Supreme Council for the Southern Jurisdiction (SC-SJ) . Assistance Agency, 745 F.3d 131, 136 (4th Cir. Also in 1864, a separate Supreme Council was formed in New York, which was made up of members from the National Compact Grand Lodge, from which a Southern Jurisdiction split off with the Headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. $ 35.00. The first motion to dismiss (Dkt. United Supreme Council, 33 Degree v. United Supreme Council. United Supreme Council 19-1942 | U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit | Justia United Supreme Council, 33 Deg v. United Supreme Council RSS Track this Docket Docket Report This docket was last retrieved on October 17, 2019. An appropriate order shall issue. --------. Councils formed the Supreme Council for the "Southern Jurisdiction," which included Virginia. Welcome to the Orient of Georgia AASR, PHA Southern Jurisdiction Website. Neither of these claims can survive the motion to dismiss. Scottish Rite Masons Visit the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier We are proud to have participated in conjunction with the United Supreme Council, 33, AASR, PHA, Southern Jurisdiction's Wreath Laying Service at Arlington National Cemetary's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Instead, Plaintiffs try to draw the connection by affixing the label of "agent" on the signors on these accounts. United States: Standard Shipping from Canada: Estimated between Mon, Mar 6 and Mon, Mar 13 to 23917 Therefore, these claims are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice. Am. in Supp., Ex. The Grand Lodge of the United States was originally the General Grand Masonic Congress on June 27, 1847, in Boston. Refresh your browser window to try again. This is the Official Page of the United Supreme Council, 33, Southern. United States: Standard Shipping from Canada: Estimated between Mon, Mar 6 and Mon, Mar 13 to 23917 Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. The Official Website of The G.G.M.C. This Council arose through West Indian migration, for Stephen Morin had propagated the Rite there. Specifically, Plaintiffs are the owners of federal trademark application No. The Northern Jurisdiction consists of the following states: CO, CT, DE, ID, IL, IN, IO, KS, ME, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NY, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY, and that of the states outside Continental United States. These demands presume that Plaintiffs knew Defendants' claims were false. Id. A Coalition of President Generals of The General Grand Masonic Congresses are seen above, representing the Ancient Free & Accepted Masons (A. F. & A.M.) from The Lineage of the, This all just brings the Wisdom of King Solomon back to Life As stated in (. The Amended Complaint alleges that the amount of money misappropriated by Defendants' "conspiracy . By Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. did not allow the taking of any such vote regarding the grant of loyalty to a competing United Supreme Council." Signed by Greener, John G. Jones, D.F. Additionally, in 1995, the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction celebrated mutual recognition with the United . 2 talking about this. Compl. The Order of the Golden Circle is the women's auxiliary of the United Supreme Council, 33, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Prince Hall Affiliation, Southern Jurisdiction, USA, Inc. While the bank account conversion claim alleges some specific property (the bank accounts) that was taken, the "conversion of other personalty" claim does not identify a single tangible item. is comprised of Five Separate Ancient Free and Accepted Masonic (A.F. They also own federal trademark application No. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia. The defendants had been members of the United . The General Grand Masonic Congress and the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Masons of the United Supreme Council Southern Western Jurisdiction and Canada were in Little Rock, AK. The United Supreme Council, AASRM, 33rd Degree, Southern and Western The organization was founded in 1907 by then Lt. Grand Commander and Ill. Deputy of the District The second motion to dismiss (Dkt. Dunlap v. Cottman Transmission Sys., LLC, 287 Va. 207, 216 (2014). There are no facts to support this assertion. There was no discussion of the legal claims for damages, and therefore this quotation (as well as the Independent Elks cases) is neither binding nor persuasive for this Court's fraud analysis. Grand Lodge Improved, B.P.O.E. Original council didn't prove fraud. Welcome Welc ome to the Orient of Maryland, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, PHA, Southern Jurisdiction. The constitution for the Southern Jurisdiction were established in 1887 and revised in 1917 and 1955. The United General Grand Masonic Congress (U.G.G.M.C.) Bro. From the Philadelphia Council, a Southern and Western Jurisdiction defected with Headquarters at Washington, D.C. Under his direction, the organization changed its focus from a predominantly Creole organization, tripling the size of its membership. Plaintiffs' first conversion claim focuses on the bank accounts of its subordinate bodies. Scottish Rite (Masonic order) -- African Americans. Car & Truck Safety & Security Accessories, 1912 ANTIQUE MAP OF SOUTHERN BAVARIA BAYERN MUNICH AUGSBURG ALPS GERMANY, Top-rated Plus. Add to cart. Amistad Research Center. Description A 33 certificate issued by the United Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree for Southern and Western Jurisdictions of the United States to Richard Theodore Greener, and dated September 8, 1896. 28, 2017). In Virginia, "[c]onversion is the wrongful assumption or exercise of the right of ownership over goods or chattels belonging to another in denial of or inconsistent with the owner's rights. The first Scottish Rite organization among African-Americans was the African Grand Council of 1820 in Philadelphia, which was referred to as a Council of Princes of Jerusalem. We've updated our privacy policy. "Morals and dogma has been described as 'a collection of thirty-two . Tap here to review the details. Get your fedoras, and fascinators out! The United Supreme Council, AASRM, 33rd And Last Degree Of Freemasonry, For The Southern and Western Masonic Jurisdiction, USA Its' Dependencies and Territories, Lawfully Established at Washington, District of Columbia, April 5, 1869 Our Mission The United Supreme Council, AASRM, 33rd Degree, Southern and Western. Donate The General Grand Masonic Congress (G.G.M.C.) Authored by Bro Antoine Lilly, MPS. It was a good time of learning, growing, working, and fraternizing.One of the things that we learned is that there are many different jurisdictions in Masonry, many like the other. The immediate predecessor in interest to USC-SJ Tennessee was the USC of the Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the Thirty-Third and Last Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States (USC Predecessor), which was incorporated in 1920 under the laws of the District of Columbia. John R. Lawrence Class of 1971. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. It reads: Finally, on March 18, 2016, Defendants held a "council of Deliberation annual meeting" in Richmond, Virginia. 5, Indep. The constitutions for the Southern Jurisdiction were established in 1887 and revised in 1917 and 1955. The Brethren of the Supreme Council for the Southern Jurisdiction, U.S.A., Mother Council of the World, extend our warmest fraternal greetings to our Brethren of the United Supreme. The organization is subdivided into Orients and Valleys. Compl. This amount is subject to change until you make payment. Fourth, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants have attempted to take control of "certain financial banking accounts owned and controlled by [Plaintiffs]". . Compl. Antoine Lilly. There is no offer, acceptance, or supporting history of how these subordinate bodies were created. In this case, any purported "false representation" would revolve around Defendants' declaration that USC-SJ II is a "legitimate" United Supreme Council. Moreover, even if they did believe these assertions, they have not alleged any action that they took as a result of the false representations. 48 in stock. Principally, if Plaintiffs enjoy exclusive authority over the Southern Jurisdiction (as they claim), then they would be well aware that any assertion of overlapping or competing authority was false. In New York City, a Supreme Council of the United States was established in 1864. For where two or three gather together in My name, there am I with them. An introduction to Clandestine Freemasonry Originally this organization was comprised of Independent Masons that were once 1 Organization thatwas. Am. Co. v. Remley, 270 Va. 209, 218 (2005). Bonds v. Leavitt, 629 F.3d 369, 385 (4th Cir. Id. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1932 ORIGINAL VINTAGE MAP OF SOUTHERN BAVARIA BAYERN MUNICH / GERMANY at the best online prices at eBay! . There are soo many questions that need to be addressed, but I am sooo happy that we have started a dialog that may create some answers to this age-old problem of divide and conquer. Indeed, those cases resolved equitable claims for injunctive relief only. & A.M.) General Grand Masonic Congresses with their own Jurisdictions. A fourth council was set up in Baltimore, Maryland and a fifth Council in Philadelphia. Therefore, the conversion claim is properly categorized as a conclusory legal allegation that cannot survive the motion to dismiss. Alaska shall belong to the Northern also. . . The character of the claim is best captured by the following allegation: "Defendants . Officially, the Supreme Council, 33, N.M.J. Hi i think that there are too many supreme council , why can't they call a meeting of all the supreme councils and decide to have only two united supreme councils , that mean that there would have to be a merger of these supreme council then out of the merger they would agree to have only two supreme councils one for the southern and western jurisdiction one for the northern and eastern jurisdiction and i think that the masonic world can become very strong and productded to humanurtian aid in our community ,city state and to the world .i am a member of Howard Coleman Lodge #15 which is a member of the New Most Worshipful Jerusalem Grand Lodge A.F.A.M. Ins. Changing Attitudes ? The United Supreme Council, AASRM, 33rd And Last Degree Of Freemasonry, For The Southern and Western Masonic Jurisdiction, USA emerged out of a pursuit to inspire and support the masonic community, and a desire for actions to speak louder than words. Attempt to steal the lineage of the Prince Hall United Supreme Council United Supreme Council for the Southern and Western Masonic UNITED SUPREME COUNCIL, 33 DEGREE OF THE ANCIENT AND ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE OF FREEMASONRY, PRINCE HALL AFFILIATION, SOUTHERN JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE ANCIENT ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE FOR THE 33 DEGREE OF FREEMASONRY, SOUTHERN JURISDICTION, PRINCE HALL AFFILIATED, et al., Defendants. Va. Mar. As such, there are no allegations that Plaintiffs had reason to be misled by the identity of USC-SJ II's new corporate entity. United Supreme Council, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Masons of the Thirty-third Degree for the Southern and Western Jurisdiction: proceedings, proclamations, membership lists and certificates, and legal records, 1895-1963, Folder 7, Box: 28, Folder: 7. Prior to the formal application, Plaintiffs had used the trademark continuously and without interruption since 1964. The Southern Jurisdiction for the United Supreme Council, P.H.A., consists of the states: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV, the territories of AZ, NM, the D.C, and AK. Independent Elks II, 114 F.2d at 47. In other words, they recite the terms of their own Constitution for the proposition that they were entitled to possession of another entity's property. The Southern Jurisdiction for the United Supreme Council, P.H.A., consists of the states: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV, the territories of AZ, NM, the D.C, and AK. United Supreme Council Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite for the 33rd Degree of Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliated Grand Orient of the District of Columbia Recognizing and Honoring our Scottish Rite History Since 1886 Reorganized 2015 1835 7th Street, NW #153 Washington, DC 20001 Our Mission (USC-NJ) and the United Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction (USC-SJ) in 1881, it did not move forward as planned due to a lawsuit introduced by John G. Jones and Edward H. Morris on behalf of Prince Hall Consistory . "18-2034 - United Supreme Council, 33 Deg v. United Supreme Council". Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. Stillyard, 33 (WV) 1914 - 1916, ILL. Charles T. Hamilton, 33 (PA) 1921 - 1936, ILL. John H. Campbell33 (PA) 1936 - 1942, ILL. Dr. Malachi H. Johnson, 33 (OH) 1942 - 1949, ILL. Dr. Augustus P. Sutton, 33/96 (NY) 1978 - 1999, ILL. Kenneth M. Yates, 33 (FL)1999 - 2000 **, ILL. Dr. Ledell Veal, 33 (MS) 2000 - 2016, ILL. Rev./Dr. THE UNITED SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE ANCIENT ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE FOR THE 33 AND LAST DEGREE OF FREE MASONRY FOR THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN MASONIC JURISDICTION, U. S. A., GRAND ORIENT WASHINGTON, D. C. is a Louisiana Non-Profit Corporation Or Co-Op (Non-) filed on April 30, 1956. G.G.M.C. Government. 43). Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Therefore, the related claim for a conspiracy to commit fraud must necessarily be dismissed as well. It is not clear that Plaintiffs' claims meet any of these elements, but their deficiency is most apparent in examining the "reliance" prong of the fraud analysis. . 62. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. James A. [5] [6] SOVEREIGN GRAND COMMANDERS OF THE UNITED SUPREME COUNCIL, A.A.S.R.M., 33. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Scottish Rite (Masonic order) -- Membership, Museum & Library Acquires Richard Theodore Greener's 33rd Degree Scottish Rite Certificate. for the Thirty-Third Degree of Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliated," even though USC-SJ DC had only been incorporated for less than one year. The Defendants are grouped into two categories and have filed two separate motions to dismiss. The above divisions were made based on a boundary developed by a joint committee in Wilmington, Delaware on April 19, 1907 using the Mason-Dixon Line as an official boundary. The first alleged wrongful act came on the tails of an attempted coup that occurred on October 10, 2015 at an annual meeting of Plaintiff USC-SJ Tennessee. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Supreme Council for the Southern and Western Jurisdiction (SC-SWJ) 4. . They assert that the subordinate bodies were "commissioned and chartered by, and under the exclusive jurisdiction, dominion, and control of, Plaintiffs . No. International shipment of items may be subject to customs processing and additional charges. A subscription to PACER is required. 48) was filed by Defendants Roger Brown and the Grand Lodge ("Grand Lodge Defendants"). Elks, 114 F.2d 46, 47 (4th Cir. Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in UNITY! African American Freemasonry & Fraternalism, For more information contact Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library | Van Gorden-Williams Library & Archives | 33 Marrett Road | Lexington, MA 02421 | 781-457-4109 | [email protected], 2016-2022 Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & LibraryTerms of Use, 33 certificate issued by the United Supreme Council to Richard Theodore Greener, 1896 September 8. How do you entrust Money, Land, bank accounts, and peoples lives to a stranger that may not have your best interest at heart. no. . The United Supreme Council for the Southern and Western Masonic Jurisdiction of the United States of America was formed on Jan. 27, 1887 Truth: This was the founding date of the Southern Jurisdiction. Finally, they own U.S. 33. Even assuming this is a material and demonstrably false representation, there is no plausible argument that Plaintiffs relied on this statement. Access additional case information on PACER for the fourth circuit . Accordingly, in order to state a claim for a civil conspiracy, Plaintiffs must establish that an underlying tort has been committed.

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